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Myanmar activist develops mobile game to support anti-military movement

Myanmar activist Ko Toot developed “The PDF Game” to raise funds and awareness for the anti-military movement, despite opposition and threats from the junta.

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1 year ago

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In the wake of Myanmar’s military coup in February 2021, Ko Toot, a skilled Information Technology (IT) expert, took a bold stand against the junta after witnessing the arrest of his pregnant friend and her husband.

Determined to make a difference, he harnessed his IT skills to create a mobile app-based game rooted in the country’s “real events.”

The game, known as “The PDF Game,” has proven to be a success, enabling Ko Toot to raise funds for the anti-military resistance while infuriating the ruling junta.

Ko Toot’s friends were detained for their support of the pro-democracy movement, but he remains in the dark about their well-being, stating, “They had never committed any criminal acts in their lives.”

Fueled by anger and concern, Ko Toot, an IT specialist, decided to join the movement to overthrow the “cruel and dangerous” military junta.

He began developing his game, aiming to raise funds for supplying weapons and humanitarian aid to the anti-military forces, known as the People’s Defense Force (PDF), and to raise awareness of the situation in Myanmar.

In the game, players confront military forces in scenes that developers say resemble real-life situations. (Photo: BBC Indonesia)

Speaking to BBC via encrypted messaging, Ko Toot remained anonymous for his safety, emphasizing the limited international aid and awareness for Myanmar’s crisis compared to other global events, such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Ko Toot launched “The PDF Game” in early 2022, offering it as a free download. The game generates revenue through ads watched by players while playing. To date, Ko Toot estimates that the game has raised around US$508,000.

He claims to earn between US$70,000 to US$80,000 per month, with these numbers “increasing every month.”

The characters in this game are inspired by real people from all walks of life, says Ko Toot. (Photo: BBC Indonesia)

In “The PDF Game,” players assume the role of PDF soldiers fighting against the military forces and engage in missions resembling real-life situations in Myanmar.

Ko Toot created characters based on real-world individuals involved in the anti-military resistance, including doctors, Muslim citizens, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. He believes documenting their stories is crucial as “they are fighting in a real war.”

Although the game faced challenges due to sensitive content, it is available on Google and Apple app stores. Google Play renamed it to “War of Heroes – The PDF Game,” citing its policy against apps that are “exploitative or insensitive to sensitive events.”

However, Google allows such content if it aims to “inform users or raise awareness” about the events.

Apple initially required the game’s name to be changed to “War of Heroes” before eventually removing it from the platform, which Ko Toot considered a significant setback.

Apple cited violations of its guidelines, particularly regarding the game’s depiction of the enemy not solely targeting government entities but also its policy on violent conflicts.

The game was reinstated after Ko Toot made several modifications, including changes to its original artwork and the removal of certain military missions. Ko Toot stated, “This is clearly good news, and we hope to generate more income now.”

“The PDF Game” has also drawn the ire of Myanmar’s ruling junta.

In April, they issued a warning through state media, cautioning the public against “playing the PDF game.” The junta accused “terrorist organizations,” such as the National Unity Government in exile, of creating the game to raise funds for the PDF, sow distrust towards the military, and thus “foster revolutionary anti-army spirit.”

Ko Toot remains undeterred by the military’s threats, stating, “I don’t care what they say.” He emphasized that they have attempted to halt this multiple times, but “there is no way to stop digital attacks” in their effort to undermine the military.

“The PDF Game” has been downloaded nearly one million times, according to Ko Toot (Google Play claims over 500,000 downloads, while Apple has not disclosed download figures). He believes the actual fundraising may be significantly higher, but working with a small team has resulted in a delay in receiving some of the funds.

These funds are sent to local PDF groups and used to purchase food and weapons for the resistance. Additionally, they support humanitarian efforts, including aid for children displaced by the conflict and those injured while fighting the military.

Ko Toot clarified, “We only send funds to defence groups but do not specify how to use them.”

Formed in response to the 2021 coup, the PDF has connected with armed groups organized along ethnic lines that have operated in border areas for decades.

They have proven to be a far more potent force than many anticipated, and the Myanmar military has lost control of much of the country.

With limited finances and weapon networks, grassroots fundraising efforts have become crucial in acquiring weapons and other supplies for the intensifying conflict.

Funds from the game are collected for the anti-military resistance. (Photo: BBC Indonesia)

Ko Toot has considered quitting on several occasions but stated, “The situation in Myanmar is getting worse every day,” and he intends to continue supporting the anti-military movement.

He believes his game has potential and hopes to eventually raise US$1 million per month. “I hope this money will help the people of Myanmar, who desperately need it.”

Myanmar has descended into civil war since the coup, with more than 4,000 people killed by the military, according to the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. The United Nations suggests that the actual death toll is “likely much higher.”

Measuring the military’s casualties has proven challenging, as the military acknowledges losses but does not provide specific figures.

The National Unity Government, the ousted civilian government of Myanmar, claims that the resistance has killed 20,000 soldiers, though BBC has been unable to verify these numbers.

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ASEAN

UNODC report: Transnational Organized Crime continues to thrive due to ASEAN’s disorganized and reactionary response

The UNODC’s policy report criticizes the disorganized and reactive responses to trafficking in Southeast Asia.

These efforts have failed to dismantle Transnational Organized Crime groups, allowing them to persist and thrive.

Published

12 months ago

on

27 September 2023

By

BANGKOK, THAILAND: In a recently published policy report, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has strongly criticized the responses to the issue of trafficking in persons for forced criminality in Southeast Asia, characterizing them as disorganized and reactionary, lacking a systematic and well-coordinated approach.

These sporadic responses have proven ineffective in dismantling the Transnational Organized Crime groups engaged in these criminal activities. Despite previous efforts, these syndicates have persistently operated and thrived, as highlighted in the report.

Released on Tuesday (26 Sep) under the title “Casinos, Cyber Fraud, and Trafficking in Persons for Forced Criminality in Southeast Asia,” the UNODC report sheds light on the rapid expansion of the online casino and gaming industry, especially in high-risk areas of the Mekong region, notably Southeast Asia.

The ad-hoc measures taken by countries like Cambodia and the Philippines have led to a partial displacement of organized crime groups, which have relocated their operations, particularly to regions within Myanmar. This shift has become notably prominent.

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the trend of online betting and gambling, with a significant increase in online betting platforms and the use of cryptocurrency payments.

Technological advancements, such as mirror websites and third-party betting software, have made it easier to establish online casino operations with minimal technical expertise and capital, regardless of gambling laws in a given jurisdiction.

China’s enforcement actions against cross-border gambling

In 2020, Chinese authorities arrested over 75,000 suspects involved in illegal cross-border gambling, with at least 600 extradited to China with the cooperation of local authorities in Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Chinese authorities also reported the dismantling of more than 2,260 online betting platforms and 1,160 betting promotion platforms in 2020, along with the closure of around 1,960 illegal payment platforms and underground banks while handling over 3,500 cross-border gambling cases.

In 2022, Chinese police investigated over 37,000 cases related to cross-border gambling.

There is clear evidence of a well-defined operational plan by these organized crime groups, which includes the recruitment of victims, execution of scams and fraud, and money laundering.

The fact that new scam compounds are continuously emerging in Southeast Asia points to the urgency of enhanced information sharing and responses to organized crime in the region.

Involvement of wealthy tycoon in illicit operations

The UNODC report sheds light on the key figures behind these criminal activities, with organized crime group leaders at the apex of the hierarchy, orchestrating these operations and forging alliances with government officials and affluent individuals.

They are responsible for the overall strategy and alliances with government officials and wealthy individuals.

The report underscored that some wealthy individuals have been implicated in cases of online scams, fraud, and trafficking in Southeast Asia. They may be involved in funding or supporting these illicit operations.

For example, a Chinese billionaire, She Zhijiang, was arrested in Thailand in 2022 and accused of running major online gambling rings across Asia, including Hong Kong, China; Taiwan PoC; China; Malaysia; Vietnam; and other countries.

Additionally, the report delves into the roles played by various key actors within these criminal operations.

They are: “scam directors” responsible for daily operations, controllers who manage trafficking victims through coercion, agents handling victim transportation and releases, recruiters convincing victims to participate, and recruitment agencies serving as intermediaries.

Transporters guiding victims across borders, and models serving as the face of scam calls, at times falling victim to exploitation themselves.

Locations of the scam compounds

The locations that are clearly hubs for online scams and fraud, and trafficking for forced criminality, are mainly in Cambodia, and Myanmar, as well as Lao PDR.

In Cambodia, the majority of scam compounds are concentrated in Sihanoukville and Phnom Penh, with notable complexes like the ten-skyscraper facility in Otres.

Other reported scam sites include Kandal, Phnom Penh, Koh Kong, Poipet, Pursat, and Kampot.

In response to increased media scrutiny and intense bilateral pressure from other Southeast Asia countries whose citizens were affected by trafficking for forced criminality, Cambodia launched a ‘crackdown’ on the scam operations in September 2022.

The stated objective was to effectively close down illegal online scam and fraud operations and secure the release the trafficking victims

The crackdown seems to have also led to organized crime operations spreading to other parts of Cambodia. Since late 2022, recruitment advertisements began listing new destinations, including Oddar Meanchey, O’Smach, and Pursat province.

In Myanmar, scam compounds are primarily located in Wa State, Myawaddy, Laukkaing Township, Kokang Shan State, and various other regions.

These compounds often inhabit casinos, resorts, hotels, office buildings, and residential developments.

They are fortified with measures like metal bars on windows and armed guards equipped with weapons and restraints to prevent victim escape and unauthorized entry.

Unlike Cambodia, in Myanmar, purpose-built structures are being constructed specifically for large-scale online scam and fraud operations, making it challenging to intervene and assist victims in more remote regions.

Figure 2: Locations of casinos and scam centres in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar

Note: The present map depicts locations of known casinos, reported or raided compounds related special zones in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar as reported by regional law enforcement authorities and may be subject to change given the evolving situation an ongoing law enforcement operations. Numerous other compounds have been reported by regional law enforcement but have not included as they remain under investigation. (Source: UNODC)

How ‘scam park’ bosses generate enormous profit

The UNODC report sheds light on how organized crime groups operating within the realm of online scams, encompassing investment scams, cryptocurrency fraud, and illegal gambling, primarily pursue financial gains.

According to the report, scam operations in one Southeast Asian country are estimated to generate a staggering US$7.5 and US$12.5 billion, or half the value of that country’s GDP.

“One group of trafficking victims can generate hundreds of thousands of US dollars in a week for traffickers,” the report noted.

Trafficking victims contribute significantly to these profits, generating hundreds to thousands of US dollars daily for the criminal groups.

Victims of online scams and fraud may lose varying amounts, with some individuals reporting losses in the millions of US dollars.

Organized crime groups also profit through extortion by demanding ransoms from victims’ families, ranging from US$3,000 to USS$30,000. Ransom amounts have seen a significant increase in Myanmar in 2023.

Furthermore, criminal groups profit from the sale of trafficking victims to other scam compounds or criminal organizations for various forms of exploitation.

These illicit proceeds are reinvested in criminal activities and may involve investments in advanced technology such as AI.

Criminal organizations also use these profits to bribe government officials and private sector actors, ensuring their operations remain relatively undisturbed and legitimized.

The remaining illicit profits are laundered through money transfers, legitimate businesses, and various investment avenues like cryptocurrency and properties, further undermining the rule of law and financial systems while strengthening criminal groups’ influence as significant investors in the region.

Comprehensive blueprint for combating organized scam crime in Southeast Asia

The UNODC policy report offers a comprehensive set of recommendations aimed at tackling the multifaceted challenges posed by organized crime in Southeast Asia.

These recommendations encompass a range of critical actions, including the creation or updating of bilateral Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) to effectively address the evolving nature of trafficking in persons for forced criminality.

To bolster victim rescue mechanisms, the report advocates the replacement of ad hoc rescue processes with standardized agreements designed for the initial identification and release of victims.

The UNODC further emphasizes the necessity of ensuring that all individuals who manage to escape or are released from scam compounds undergo a thorough victim screening process.

The report underscores the importance of providing immediate protection and support to presumed victims.

In addition, the report proposes the establishment of specialized units at the national level to coordinate responses to organized crime. It also encourages collaboration with technology companies to enhance investigations and address the evolving nature of criminal activities in the digital age.

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ASEAN

ASEAN nations unite with UNODC to combat organized crime and human trafficking in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian nations, in partnership with UNODC, have initiated a groundbreaking strategy to combat organized crime and human trafficking.

A UN policy report has exposed the pervasive presence of these criminal groups in Myanmar’s border regions, making it challenging for law enforcement to intervene, while trafficking victims remain trapped in remote areas vulnerable to online scams.

Published

12 months ago

on

27 September 2023

By

BANGKOK, THAILAND: Southeast Asian nations, in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), have launched a groundbreaking strategy aimed at tackling organized crime and human trafficking in the region.

The initiative, announced in the Thai capital, Bangkok, is set to target criminal activities primarily linked to casinos, while also addressing money laundering and cybercrime.

Officials from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), joined by China, and representatives from UNODC, unveiled the comprehensive plan of action.

The new plan aims to strengthen preventative measures and enhance the capabilities of law enforcement agencies to combat international organized crime and human trafficking on a regional scale.

“Trafficking in persons connected to casinos and scam operations run by organized crime has mushroomed across Southeast Asia, particularly in the Mekong” remarked Jeremy Douglas, UNODC Regional Representative to Southeast Asia and the Pacific.

“There is an urgent need for regional cooperation to address these increasingly integrated and interlinked crimes in the region, as well as the ecosystem they exist in.”

Human trafficking, often utilized to recruit victims into criminal activities, is just one facet of transnational organized crime, as highlighted in a policy report released by UNODC on Tuesday (26 Sep).

This criminal activity is closely associated with border casinos, large-scale money laundering operations, cybercrimes, and an array of other illicit offenses. The report also documented credible instances of torture and extortion within these criminal operations over the past year.

Profits generated by criminal organizations in the region have reached unprecedented levels, with illicit funds increasingly funneled through the regional casino industry and other cash-intensive businesses, including the surge in cryptocurrency usage.

“Organized crime groups are converging in the region where they see vulnerabilities,” Mr. Douglas commented.

Billions siphoned equal to half of a Nation’s GDP

He added that “operations against syndicates in some countries like the Philippines have caused a partial displacement, and we have seen criminals moving infrastructure into places where they see opportunity – basically where they expect they will be able to take advantage and not be held to account, to remote and border areas of the Mekong,” he said.

According to the report, scam operations in one Southeast Asian country are estimated to generate a staggering US$7.5 and US$12.5 billion, or half the value of that country’s GDP.

“One group of trafficking victims can generate hundreds of thousands of US dollars in a week for traffickers,” the report noted.

UN Policy Report highlights transnational crime gangs establishing remote bases in Myanmar

The UN’s policy report has shed light on the alarming presence of organized crime gangs operating in the border areas of Myanmar, adjacent to China.

These remote locations, often inaccessible to law enforcement, serve as operational hubs for criminal syndicates perpetrating online scams, leaving trafficking victims with scant chances of escape.

Powerful Chinese and Taiwanese criminal organizations, operating primarily in the Mekong region and the Philippines, have orchestrated a “scamdemic” resulting in billions of dollars being siphoned off through tactics that include romance scams, extortion, and investment pyramid schemes.

While certain crackdowns have been executed in Cambodia and the Philippines, these criminal groups are evolving and perfecting their fraudulent activities from fortified compounds located within the protective umbrella of ethnic rebel groups in the conflict-ridden terrain of Myanmar.

Locations of casinos and scam centres in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar (source: UN report)

In Myanmar, a significant hub for criminal activities has flourished in the Myawaddy region, situated just across a small river from the western Thai border town of Mae Sot.

Another network of compounds stretches along Myanmar’s eastern border with China, extending northward through Shan State, passing through the special administrative area of Wa State, and reaching Kokang, which shares a border with China’s Yunnan province.

Transnational crime syndicates operating openly and forming unusual alliances

The report has found that, rather than operating in the shadows, transnational organised crime groups there can be remarkably open, in some cases presenting themselves as legitimate business entities or even philanthropic organisations.

Some organised crime chiefs have developed public alliances with influential business leaders and officials.

Co-chaired by the Philippines and UNODC, the new plan is finalised and will be tabled by the Philippines at the next ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Transnational Crime.

“Addressing this issue in one or a few countries’ domestic contexts, while necessary and welcome, will not have a significant impact,” warned Rebecca Miller, UNODC Regional Advisor on Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling.

“The plan the region has agreed to, includes practical and targeted actions to address transnational crime comprehensively and strategically.  Progress is being made, but more needs to be done and UNODC stands ready to support,” she added.

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